本文介紹了PHP中的Traits,Traits是一種為類似PHP的單繼承語言而準備的代碼復用機制,需要的朋友可以參考下
PHP是單繼承的語言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出現之前,PHP的類無法同時從兩個基類繼承屬性或方法。php的Traits和Go語言的組合功能類似,通過在類中使用use關鍵字聲明要組合的Trait名稱,而具體某個Trait的聲明使用trait關鍵詞,Trait不能直接實例化。具體用法請看下面的代碼:
- <?php
- trait Drive {
- public $carName = 'trait';
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving {$this->carName}/n";
- }
- }
- class Person {
- public function eat() {
- echo "eat/n";
- }
- }
- class Student extends Person {
- use Drive;
- public function study() {
- echo "study/n";
- }
- }
- $student = new Student();
- $student->study();
- $student->eat();
- $student->driving();
輸出結果如下:
- study
- eat
- driving trait
上面的例子中,Student類通過繼承Person,有了eat方法,通過組合Drive,有了driving方法和屬性carName。
如果Trait、基類和本類中都存在某個同名的屬性或者方法,最終會保留哪一個呢?通過下面的代碼測試一下:
- <?php
- trait Drive {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello drive/n";
- }
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving from drive/n";
- }
- }
- class Person {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello person/n";
- }
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving from person/n";
- }
- }
- class Student extends Person {
- use Drive;
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello student/n";
- }
- }
- $student = new Student();
- $student->hello();
- $student->driving();
輸出結果如下:
- hello student
- driving from drive
因此得出結論:當方法或屬性同名時,當前類中的方法會覆蓋 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆蓋了基類中的方法。
如果要組合多個Trait,通過逗號分隔 Trait名稱:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多個Trait中包含同名方法或者屬性時,會怎樣呢?答案是當組合的多個Trait包含同名屬性或者方法時,需要明確聲明解決沖突,否則會產生一個致命錯誤。
- <?php
- trait Trait1 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait1::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait1::hi/n";
- }
- }
- trait Trait2 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait2::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait2::hi/n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Trait1, Trait2;
- }
輸出結果如下:
- PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符來解決沖突,insteadof是使用某個方法替代另一個,而as是給方法取一個別名,具體用法請看代碼:
- <?php
- trait Trait1 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait1::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait1::hi/n";
- }
- }
- trait Trait2 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait2::hello/n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait2::hi/n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Trait1, Trait2 {
- Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
- Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
- }
- }
- class Class2 {
- use Trait1, Trait2 {
- Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
- Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
- Trait2::hi as hei;
- Trait1::hello as hehe;
- }
- }
- $Obj1 = new Class1();
- $Obj1->hello();
- $Obj1->hi();
- echo "/n";
- $Obj2 = new Class2();
- $Obj2->hello();
- $Obj2->hi();
- $Obj2->hei();
- $Obj2->hehe();
輸出結果如下:
- Trait2::hello
- Trait1::hi
- Trait2::hello
- Trait1::hi
- Trait2::hi
- Trait1::hello
as關鍵詞還有另外一個用途,那就是修改方法的訪問控制:
- <?php
- trait Hello {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello,trait/n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Hello {
- hello as protected;
- }
- }
- class Class2 {
- use Hello {
- Hello::hello as private hi;
- }
- }
- $Obj1 = new Class1();
- $Obj1->hello(); # 報致命錯誤,因為hello方法被修改成受保護的
- $Obj2 = new Class2();
- $Obj2->hello(); # 原來的hello方法仍然是公共的
- $Obj2->hi(); # 報致命錯誤,因為別名hi方法被修改成私有的
Trait 也能組合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、靜態屬性及靜態方法,測試代碼如下:
- <?php
- trait Hello {
- public function sayHello() {
- echo "Hello/n";
- }
- }
- trait World {
- use Hello;
- public function sayWorld() {
- echo "World/n";
- }
- abstract public function getWorld();
- public function inc() {
- static $c = 0;
- $c = $c + 1;
- echo "$c/n";
- }
- public static function doSomething() {
- echo "Doing something/n";
- }
- }
- class HelloWorld {
- use World;
- public function getWorld() {
- return 'get World';
- }
- }
- $Obj = new HelloWorld();
- $Obj->sayHello();
- $Obj->sayWorld();
- echo $Obj->getWorld() . "/n";
- HelloWorld::doSomething();
- $Obj->inc();
- $Obj->inc();
輸出結果如下:
- Hello
- World
- get World
- Doing something
- 1
- 2
以上就是本文的全部內容,希望對大家的學習有所幫助。
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