前言
對于MySQL的理解,我認為很多性能優化工作、主從主主復制都是在調整參數,來適應不同時期不同數量級的數據。
故,理解透徹my.cnf里的參數是永恒的話題;只有理解透徹了參數設置,才能在某些方面對數據庫進行調優。
前幾天剛接手一個MySQL數據,操作系統為Ubuntu 16.04.5 LTS, 數據庫版本為5.7.23-0ubuntu0.16.04.1(APT方式安裝的MySQL)。這個操作系統下的MySQL的配置文件my.cnf很多地方都讓人有點不適應(跟之前的MySQL環境有些出入,之前都是維護RHEL、CentOS等操作系統環境下的MySQL)。
遂研究總結了一下。具體如下所示:
root@mylnx12:~# find / -name "my.cnf"/etc/alternatives/my.cnf/etc/mysql/my.cnf/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnfroot@mylnx12:~# locate my.cnf/etc/alternatives/my.cnf/etc/mysql/my.cnf/etc/mysql/my.cnf.fallback/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnfroot@mylnx12:~# mysql --help | grep my.cnf order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT,/etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf root@mylnx12:~# mysqld --verbose --help | grep -A 1 'Default options'Default options are read from the following files in the given order:/etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf
從上面這些信息判斷,MySQL的參數文件為/etc/mysql/my.cnf, 但是其他幾個my.cnf又是什么情況呢?
root@mylnx12:~# ls -lrt /etc/alternatives/my.cnflrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Sep 28 16:28 /etc/alternatives/my.cnf -> /etc/mysql/mysql.cnf
從上面信息可以看出,/etc/alternatives/my.cnf 其實是一個軟連接,指向參數文件/etc/mysql/mysql.cnf
root@mylnx12:~# cat /var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnfauto/etc/mysql/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf.fallback100/etc/mysql/mysql.cnf200
光從上面這些信息,我們還看不出/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/my.cnf與其它配置文件my.cnf是什么關系。那么我們先來看看參數文件/etc/mysql/my.cnf,從下面信息,可以看出“/etc/mysql/my.cnf”是全局配置,“~/.my.cnf”隱藏文件是個人用戶設置.
root@mylnx12:~# cat /etc/mysql/my.cnf## The MySQL database server configuration file.## You can copy this to one of:# - "/etc/mysql/my.cnf" to set global options,# - "~/.my.cnf" to set user-specific options.# # One can use all long options that the program supports.# Run program with --help to get a list of available options and with# --print-defaults to see which it would actually understand and use.## For explanations see# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html ## * IMPORTANT: Additional settings that can override those from this file!# The files must end with '.cnf', otherwise they'll be ignored.# !includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/!includedir /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/
但是/etc/mysql/my.cnf參數文件下面沒有任何參數設置,只看到下面兩行設置,表示導入這兩個目錄里面的配置文件。
!includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/
#表示包含/etc/mysql/conf.d/這個路徑下面的配置文件,前提是必須以為.cnf為后綴
!includedir /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/
#表示包含/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/這個路徑下面的配置文件,前提是必須以為.cnf為后綴
其實MySQL的相關配置都位于mysqld.cnf(/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf)下面。使用相關參數測試了一下,確實都能生效。這種設置確實有點讓剛接觸的人有點不適應。暫時先總結到此!
root@mylnx12:~# cd /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/root@mylnx12:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d# ls -lrttotal 8-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Feb 4 2017 mysqld_safe_syslog.cnf-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3148 Oct 6 23:34 mysqld.cnfroot@mylnx12:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d# cat mysqld.cnf## The MySQL database server configuration file.## You can copy this to one of:# - "/etc/mysql/my.cnf" to set global options,# - "~/.my.cnf" to set user-specific options.# # One can use all long options that the program supports.# Run program with --help to get a list of available options and with# --print-defaults to see which it would actually understand and use.## For explanations see# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html # This will be passed to all mysql clients# It has been reported that passwords should be enclosed with ticks/quotes# escpecially if they contain "#" chars...# Remember to edit /etc/mysql/debian.cnf when changing the socket location. # Here is entries for some specific programs# The following values assume you have at least 32M ram [mysqld_safe]socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.socknice = 0 [mysqld]## * Basic Settings#user = mysqlpid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pidsocket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sockport = 3306basedir = /usrdatadir = /var/lib/mysqltmpdir = /tmplc-messages-dir = /usr/share/mysqlskip-external-lockinglog_bin = mylnx12_binserver_id = 0character-set-server=utf8mb4collation-server=utf8mb4_general_ci ## Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on# localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure.bind-address = 10.21.6.7## * Fine Tuning#key_buffer_size = 16Mmax_allowed_packet = 100Mthread_stack = 192Kthread_cache_size = 8# This replaces the startup script and checks MyISAM tables if needed# the first time they are touchedmyisam-recover-options = BACKUP#max_connections = 100#table_cache = 64#thread_concurrency = 10## * Query Cache Configuration#query_cache_limit = 1Mquery_cache_size = 16M## * Logging and Replication## Both location gets rotated by the cronjob.# Be aware that this log type is a performance killer.# As of 5.1 you can enable the log at runtime!#general_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mysql.log#general_log = 1## Error log - should be very few entries.#log_error = /var/log/mysql/error.log## Here you can see queries with especially long duration#log_slow_queries = /var/log/mysql/mysql-slow.log#long_query_time = 2#log-queries-not-using-indexes## The following can be used as easy to replay backup logs or for replication.# note: if you are setting up a replication slave, see README.Debian about# other settings you may need to change.#server-id = 1#log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.logexpire_logs_days = 10max_binlog_size = 100M#binlog_do_db = include_database_name#binlog_ignore_db = include_database_name## * InnoDB## InnoDB is enabled by default with a 10MB datafile in /var/lib/mysql/.# Read the manual for more InnoDB related options. There are many!## * Security Features## Read the manual, too, if you want chroot!# chroot = /var/lib/mysql/## For generating SSL certificates I recommend the OpenSSL GUI "tinyca".## ssl-ca=/etc/mysql/cacert.pem# ssl-cert=/etc/mysql/server-cert.pem#: ssl-key=/etc/mysql/server-key.pem
總結
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